Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in Public Boreholes and Vendor-Supplied Drinking Water in a University Town: A Public Health Concern.

Authors: Ebidor Lawani-Luwaji, Bomowei Peremobowei

Affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Amassoma, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: [email protected]

September 3, 2025

SIAR-Global Journal of Medicine & Pharmaceutical Review

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17093712

Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in Public Boreholes and Vendor-Supplied Drinking Water in a University Town: A Public Health Concern.
Research Article Medicine

Abstract

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria pose a global public health threat due to their ability to withstand multiple antibiotics. This study investigated MDR bacteria in public boreholes and vendor-supplied drinking water and assessed their antimicrobial susceptibility. Water samples were cultured using the spread plate method and identified based on morphological and biochemical characteristics. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disc diffusion method, and resistance variation across 14 antibiotics was analysed using using the Chisquare (χ²) test of independence, under the assumptions of categorical data, independence of observations, and expected cell counts ≥ 5 where applicable. All isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. Escherichia coli showed the highest resistance (85.7%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (78.5%), Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (64.2%), and others (57.1%). A statistically significant association was observed between antibiotic type and resistance rate, χ²(13, N = 41) = 362.72, p < 0.001. Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, and Nalidixic Acid showed 100% resistance, while Tarivid and Perfloxacin remained effective. These findings highlight the need for enhanced water safety and targeted antimicrobial surveillance to limit resistance transmission. 

Keywords

Antibiotics; antimicrobial susceptibility; drinking water; multidrug-resistant bacteria; public health.

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How to Cite

Ebidor Lawani-Luwaji, Bomowei Peremobowei (2025). Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in Public Boreholes and Vendor-Supplied Drinking Water in a University Town: A Public Health Concern.. SIAR-Global Journal of Medicine & Pharmaceutical Review, Vol. 1, No. 1. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17093712

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Article Information

  • Type: Research Article
  • Journal: SIAR-Global Journal of Medicine & Pharmaceutical Review
  • Subject Area: Medicine
  • Published: September 3, 2025
  • Volume: 1
  • Issue: 1
  • Word Count: Not specified
  • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17093712
  • Processing Fee: $50.00 USD

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SIAR-Global Journal of Medicine & Pharmaceutical Review

The SIAR-Global Journal of Medicine &amp; Pharmaceutical Review (GJMPR) is an official medical and health science publication of the Society …

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